|
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2005 | Volume
: 23
| Issue : 2 | Page : 92-94 |
| |
Multidrug Resistant Salmonella typhi in Asymptomatic Typhoid Carriers among Food Handlers in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu
B Senthilkumar1, G Prabakaran2
1 Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Biotechnology, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, India
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vivekananda College of Arts and Science for Women, Tiruchengode, India
Correspondence Address:
B Senthilkumar
Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Biotechnology, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram - 637 408
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.16046
Purpose: to screen Salmonella typhi in asymptomatic typhoid carriers and to find out drug resistance and ability of the strains to transmit drug resistance to other bacteria. Methods: Cultural characters, biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity test (disc diffusion), agarose gel electrophoresis, and conjugation protocols were done. Thirty five stool samples were collected from the suspected food handlers for the study. Results: Among 35 samples, (17.14%) yielded a positive result. Out of these 4 (20.0%) were women and 2 (13.33%) were men. The isolates were tested with a number of conventional antibiotics viz, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, co-trimaxazole, rifampicin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and tetracycline. Five isolates were having the multidrug resistant character. Four (66.66%) multidrug resistant isolates were found to have plasmids, while one (16.66%) multidrug resistant isolate had no plasmid and the chromosome encoded the resistance. Only one strain (16.66%) showed single antibiotic resistance in the study and had no plasmid DNA. The molecular weights of the plasmids were determined and found to be 120 kb.The mechanism of spreading of drug resistance through conjugation process was analyzed. In the conjugation studies, the isolates having R+ factor showed the transfer of drug resistance through conjugation, which was determined by the development of antibiotic resistance in the recipients. Conclusion: This study shows that drug resistant strains are able to transfer genes encoding drug resistance.
Keywords: Asymptomatic typhoid carriers, antibiotics, drug resistance, plasmids, conjugation
How to cite this article:
Senthilkumar B, Prabakaran G. Multidrug Resistant Salmonella typhi in Asymptomatic Typhoid Carriers among Food Handlers in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Microbiol 2005;23:92-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Senthilkumar B, Prabakaran G. Multidrug Resistant Salmonella typhi in Asymptomatic Typhoid Carriers among Food Handlers in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Microbiol [serial online] 2005 [cited 2020 Nov 29];23:92-4. Available from: https://www.ijmm.org/text.asp?2005/23/2/92/16046 |
Typhoid is one of the most wide spread of all bacterial diseases in India. The main source of typhoid is asymptomatic carriers. An individual can asymptomatically carry the typhoid germ for days to years without showing any of symptoms of typhoid fever. In such carriers, the typhoid bacillus continues to multiply in the gall bladder. It reaches the intestine through the bile duct. The silent carriers are the source of typhoid germs for the continued episodes of infections. Women exceed men as carriers by a ratio of 3:1.[1],[2]
The rate of resistance development in bacteria has been found to be increasing. Several disease causing bacteria including typhoid causing Salmonella More Details species have now become resistant to one or more antibiotics.[3] The population of multi drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi is steeply increasing in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and other geographical regions. The emergence of drug resistant pathogens poses a major challenge to the treatment and prevention of typhoid. In particular, the concern is about the spread of these multi drug resistant strains to rural India.[4] The main focus of this study is to determine the ability of the isolates to transfer the drug resistance by conjugation.
| ~ Materials and Methods | |  |
Stool samples (35) were collected from the individuals of food handlers to screen the asymptomatic typhoid carriers. They were processed for the presence of Salmonella typhi . The strains were identified by biochemical reactions and by slide agglutination using monospecific antisera.[5]
Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Overnight cultures in peptone water were lawned over the Mueller-Hinton agar (Hi-media). The antibiotic discs were used at the following concentration: ampicillin (A) 30 mg, amikacin (Ak) 30 mg, amoxicillin (Am) 25 mg, chloramphenicol (C) 25 mg, ciproflaxacin (Cf) 30 mg, co-trimaxazole (Co) 25 mg, gentamicin (G) 30 mg, nalidixic acid (Na) 30 mg, oflaxacin (O) 30 mg, rifampicin (R) 30 mg, tetracycline (T) 10 mg (Hi-media).
Plasmid profile analysis was done as described by Kodo and Liu[6] and chromosomal DNA analysis was done as described by Grimberg et al .[7] Conjugation ability of the isolates was determined by Cappuccino and Shermann procedure.[8]
| ~ Results | | |
This study revealed 16.66% (6/35) subjects to be asymptomatic typhoid carriers. Of these 20.0% (4/35) were women and 13.33% (2/35) were men in the age group of 15-45. [Table - 1] shows the characteristic antibiotic resistant patterns of the representative strains in antibiotic sensitivity test.
A varying percentage of drug resistance patterns of total isolates against individual antibiotics were observed [Table - 2].
Out of various Salmonella typhi  solates, 83.33% were multidrug resistant and 16.66% were single drug resistant. These multidrug resistant strains were having 120 kb plasmids, which were detected in agarose gel by using Hind III digest of DNA as a marker. The chromosomal DNA alone was encoding for resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin that was confirmed in a strain lacking plasmid.
In conjugation studies, TR CR strains (isolates) were used as donors against TS CS (E. coli CSH 57) strain as a recipient, 66.66% recipient strains acquired resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol [Table - 3].
| ~ Discussion | | |
Poor personal hygiene and inadequate food handling can potentiate the transmission of Salmonella typhi . Several food products kept at room temperature were found to favour the growth of Salmonella species. The spread of typhoid is associated with 20% of the newly identified carriers and also 9% previously identified carriers.[9] The food handlers prominently play a role in disseminating typhoid bacilli through different food products and water.
The susceptibility to typhoid fever lies between the age 15-25 years.[10] Carrier state of typhoid was observed in the age group 15-45 years in this present investigation.
In various Salmonella typhi isolates, 78.4% were resistant to the antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim which are conventionally used to treat typhoid fever.[11] There was a gradual increase in the time period in mean minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin.[12] In this study, isolates were least resistant to oflaxacin, ciproflaxacin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid, while high resistance to tetracycline, rifampicin and chloramphenicol was also observed.
The isolates were not identical at developing antibiotic resistance. Some isolates of Salmonella typhi showed the resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline, while sensitive to gentamicin. Mirza and Hart had also observed similar results.[13]
Drug resistance is due to acquisition of plasmid encoded inactivating b-lactamase and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. Ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolone is highly effective. Ciprofloxacin is effective in treatment of carrier state.[14] However, one of the isolates in this study showed resistance to ciprofloxacin.
Plasmid encoded resistance to chloramphenicol, amikacin, ampicillin and chromosome encoded resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin have been reported.[15] Plasmid (120 kb) bearing strains were found similar to the study of Karmaker et al.[16] In the present study, 33% of strains showing chromosomal DNA encoded resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were observed.
Transferable plasmids have been found in fourteen strains and six of them expressed multiple drug resistance.[15] The plasmids were transferred by 66.66% strains during conjugative recombination in the present study which showed multidrug resistance plasmid. In contrast, the strain-SS-1 showing single antibiotic resistance had no plasmid. The strain SS- 6 has also no plasmid, but its resistance to ciprofloxacin was due to chromosomal DNA.
Indiscriminate usage of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases leads to occurrence of drug resistance. From this study it was concluded that drug resistant was found in the isolates from asymptomatic typhoid carrier. In vivo transfer of resistant genes to normal microbial flora pose hazard to human kind.
| ~ References | | |
| 1. | Ames WR, Robbins M. Age and sex factors in the development of the typhoid carrier state and a method for estimating carrier prevalence. Am J Pub Health 1943;33 :221-30.  |
| 2. | Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, Deport HL, Dawkins AT, Synder M. Typhoid fever: Pathogenesis and immunologic control. New Eng J Med 1970;283 :686-90. |
| 3. | Chogle AR. Multidrug resistant Salmonellosis. JAPI 2002;50 :375-7. [PUBMED] |
| 4. | Levy IS. Multidrug resistance- A sign of times. New Eng J Med 1998:1376-8. |
| 5. | Lim PL. Fok, detection of group D Salmonella blood culture broth and of soluble antigen by the tube agglutination using 09 monoclonal antibody latex conjugate. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25 :1165-8. |
| 6. | Kodo CI, Liu ST. Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small plasmids. J Bacteriol 1981;145 :1365-7. |
| 7. | Grimberg J, Maguire S, Belluseio N. A simple method for preparation of plasmid and chromosomal E.coli DNA. J Nucleic Acids Res 1989;17 :8893-5. |
| 8. | Cappuccino, Shermann. A laboratory Manual: 4th Ed. Wirth AE and Olsen L, editors 1996. p. 37-8,63-8,133-86,347-51. |
| 9. | Royan CA, Hargreet-Bean NT, Blake PA. Salmonella typhi infections in the United States 1975-1984; increasing role of foreign travel. Rev Infec Dis 1989;11 :1-8. |
| 10. | Goodall EW, Washbourn JW. Enteric fever, typhoid fever. A manual of infectious Diseases. Goodall EW and Washbourn JW, editors. London: Laris; 1896. p. 290-329. |
| 11. | Suganthi R, Rajasekar V, Vargese GK, Shivanada PG. Emergence of multi drug resistant S.typhi in rural Southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;48 :108-11. |
| 12. | Kumar R, Aneja KR, Roy P, Sharma M, Gupta R, Ram S. Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration of quinolones and third generation cephalosporins to Salmonella typhi isolates. Indian J Med Sci 2002;56 :1-8. [PUBMED] |
| 13. | Mirza SH, Hart CA. Plasmid encoded multi drug resistance in Salmonella typhi from Pakistan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1993;87 :373-7. [PUBMED] |
| 14. | Campos LS, Dos Reis EM, Riberio Dias JC. In vitro susceptibility of Salmonella to Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxaxin compared with three other antibiotics. Chemotherapy 1990;36 :415-9. |
| 15. | Robertson F, Addy ME, Mensah PA, Crupper SS. Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in clinical S. typhi isolated in Ghana. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002;215 :249-53. |
| 16. | Karmaker S, Biswas D, Shaikh NM, Chatterjee K, Kataria VK, Kumar R. Role of a large plasmid of S.typhi encoding multiple drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 1991;34 :149-51. |
Tables
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
A prevalence study of typhoid fever and convalescent phase asymptomatic typhoid carriers among the schoolchildren in the northern part of Tamil Nadu |
|
| Illakia Sivaji,Senbagam Duraisamy,Senthilkumar Balakrishnan,Sivakumar Periasamy | | Journal of Public Health. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Induction of deletion mutation on ompR gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from asymptomatic typhoid carriers to evolve attenuated strains for vaccine development |
|
| B Senthilkumar,K Anbarasu,D Senbagam,M Rajasekarapandian | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014; 7(12): 933 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Antimicrobial resistance inSalmonella entericaserovar typhi and paratyphi in South Asia-current status, issues and prospects |
|
| Saeed Akhtar,Mahfuzur R. Sarker,Kausar Jabeen,Ahsan Sattar,Aftab Qamar,Naima Fasih | | Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
A comparative analysis of TLR5 polymorphism and clinical parameters in typhoid patients and asymptomatic typhoid carriers |
|
| Balakrishnan Senthilkumar,Periasamy Sivakumar,Rajendran Madhanraj,Duraisamy Senbagam,Sivaji Illakia | | Journal of Public Health. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Computational studies on histidine kinase protein BaeS to target multidrug-resistant Salmonella |
|
| Dakshinamurthy Sivakumar,Chandrajit Lahiri,Dipshikha Chakravortty | | Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2013; 22(4): 1804 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Development of Vi conjugate – a new generation of typhoid vaccine |
|
| Shousun Chen Szu | | Expert Review of Vaccines. 2013; 12(11): 1273 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
An epidemiological surveillance of asymptomatic typhoid carriers associated in respect to socioeconomic status in India |
|
| Balakrishnan Senthilkumar,Duraisamy Senbagam,Moses Rajasekarapandian | | Journal of Public Health. 2012; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Screening, phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from typhoid asymptomatic carriers |
|
| Chandrasekaran Balaji, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2011; 4(10): 769 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Occurrence & antibiogram of Salmonella Typhi & S. Paratyphi A isolated from Rourkela, Orissa |
|
| Bhattacharya, S.S., Das, U., Choudhury, B.K. | | Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011; 133(4): 431-433 | | [Pubmed] | | | 10 |
Prevalence of Salmonella typhi and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Bahir Dar Town, Northwest Ethiopia |
|
| Abera, B., Biadegelgen, F., Bezabih, B. | | Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2010; 24(1): 46-50 | | [Pubmed] | | | 11 |
Survey of food handlers in bukas (a type of local restaurant) in Lagos, Nigeria about typhoid fever |
|
| Stella I. Smith,Chimere O. Agomo,Moses Bamidele,Bolanle O. Opere,Olusimbo O. Aboaba | | Health. 2010; 02(08): 951 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Emerging Salmonella Paratyphi A enteric fever and changing trends in antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella in Shimla |
|
| Verma, S., Thakur, S., Kanga, A., Singh, G., Gupta, P. | | Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2010; 28(1): 51-53 | | [Pubmed] | | | 13 |
Imported Typhoid Fever With Hepatitis From Bangladesh: A Case of Delayed Response to Ceftriaxone? |
|
| Emanuele Pontali,Marcello Feasi,David Usiglio,Marco Mori,Giovanni Cassola | | Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008; 15(5): 366 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Imported typhoid fever with hepatitis from Bangladesh: A case of delayed response to ceftriaxone? |
|
| Pontali, E., Feasi, M., Usiglio, D., Mori, M., Cassola, G. | | Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008; 15(5): 366-368 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
